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    In outdoor activities, a careless, you may be injured, then injured, we should do what? Following editor to introduce some of the common treatment it!

    First, trauma

Tissue tear or damage that occurs when the body is contaminated by external forces. Trauma caused by many reasons, according to whether the wound can be divided into two categories of open and closed night.

    1. Closure trauma

    Caused by blunt force, no skin, surface mucosal fragmentation, common bruises and sprains.

    2. Contusion

    Blunt force impact of skin and subcutaneous soft tissue injury, no skin laceration, bruising bruising, subcutaneous bleeding, swelling, tenderness. Light wet pain relief plaster available outside the injured area. On the chest and abdomen contusion and head contusion, should consider whether deep hematoma or visceral injury bleeding should be added to the hospital to observe the diagnosis.

    3. Sprain

    Sprains often occur in the ankle, waist, neck and wrist and other places. The general principle of sprain is to allow patients Anjing emotional, fixed injured area, cover the affected area with a cold damp cloth. Manchu sprains can elevate the affected area. Neck, lumbar sprain in moving when the patient does not move the affected area. Often accompanied by sprain dislocation or fracture joints, should immediately join the hospital diagnosis and treatment. In addition, regardless of severity after sprain, not an instant bath, massage indiscriminately, to be hospitalized. Common methods of treatment of sprain are partially blocked (with 0.25% to 0.5% procaine), topical drug orally, physiotherapy and so on.

    4. Open trauma

    Mostly caused by sharps and firearms, a few can be caused by blunt force, often skin, body surface mucosal fragmentation.

    5. Cuts

    Shallow wounds were rinsed with warm water or saline, then disinfected with iodine or alcohol, stopped bleeding, or sprayed on the wound with a spray of "good fast", then bandaged and generally recovered quickly. For small wounds topical "Band-Aid" can be. For deeper wounds, immediately squeeze to stop bleeding, speed access to debridement surgery, depending on the injury for suture repair. Do not scratch the wound wound ointment coated drugs, or wounds difficult to heal.

    Stabbed

    Disinfection should first clean the wound, with sterilized needle and forceps, the foreign body was pulled out, and then wound dressing after disinfection. Foreign body to stay in the body easily suppurative infection, the wound is small, less bleeding, the wound should squeeze out some of the blood is better, nails stabbing difficult to handle, can be cut into V-shaped nails first, the thorns pull out , Or join the hospital to deal with. If stabbed by the needle, metal sheet and stay in the body, should be added to the hospital out in the X-ray. Deep wounds may have deep major tissue damage, often complicated by infection, anti-inflammatory drugs may be treated. Impurities stab wounds to prevent the occurrence of tetanus, should add hospital intramuscular injection of tetanus antitoxin.

    The general principles of trauma:

    For large amounts of bleeding in patients, hemostasis should be the first case; cut wounds, stab wounds and other small wounds, if crowded into the amount of blood but can discharge bacteria and grime; the wound should be cleaned with clean water, not completely Clean wound, to be covered with a clean cloth cover its general situation, not directly with cotton, tissue paper cage.

    Second, burns

    Burns can be divided into two types of burns and scalds. In addition to the daily life of common water and flame, steam and other high temperature burns, but also collecting industrial acid, alkali and other chemical burns, current, radiation and nuclear and other physical burns. The larger the area, the deeper the deeper, the greater impact on the whole body and the local, the more serious.

    1. Burns level: scalds can be divided into

    Once burned (erythema, reddening of the skin, and a burning tingling);

    Second degree scald (blistering, the affected area blisters);

    Three degrees of burns (necrosis, skin exfoliation), a small area of mild burns, can be treated at home, after       the clean wounds, can be applied Beijing million red, MEBO moisturizing burn cream and so on. Large area burns, should be sent to hospital as soon as possible.

    2 scalding treatment:

    The principle of scald treatment is the first to remove the heat, quickly separated from the scene, with all kinds of fire-fighting methods, such as flooding, water pouring, lying down churns, etc., when the clothes will soon be off or cut clothes leaching cold water, limbs soaked in cold water Until the pain disappears. Can also be covered with wet towels or sheets wounds, and then spray cold water. Do not break the blisters outdoor common injuries outdoor common injury treatment.

    Scald wound treatment is the most important, first shaved area and its surrounding hair, cut off long nails. Wound around the wound with healthy skin and water wash, and then 0.1% benzalkonium chloride or 75% alcohol scrub disinfection. Wound with isotonic saline to clean, remove foreign body wounds, dirt and so on. Care of small blisters do not break, flood bubble available injection empty needle out of blood bubble, or in the low shear release effervescent fluid. Broken blisters or those with heavy pollution should be cut off the foam, the wound gently with a gauze removed, the diet 沔 沔 cage covered with a layer of liquid paraffin gauze or thin layer of petroleum jelly gauze, plus a special degreasing gauze and cotton pads, with bandages Average pressure bandaging. Burns can also be used bandaging therapy, spit therapy.

    Burns often complicated by infection, it should be added with antibiotics, but also injection of tetanus antitoxin.

    Treatment of large areas of burns require a large amount of manpower, material resources and financial resources. And often leave a universal scar, causing severe deformities and dysfunction. Therefore, we must pay attention to prevention. In daily life, we should enhance liquidity education for children and ordinary people. We should educate workers and workers in the industrial and mining enterprises and make harsh fire-fighting system.

    Third, frostbite

    Is the body because of exposure in the cold case too long and the formation of damage. Frostbite can be divided into local and systemic two: local frostbite occurs in the fingers, toes, nose, auricle, cheeks and other exposed parts, and easily recurrence in a unified site.

    1. frostbite level:

    First (erythema): frostbite skin pale into a patchy purple-blue, later turned red, swollen, congestion. And itching, pain, numbness and so on. About 5 to 7 days disappear symptoms, leaving no scars.

    Second (blistering): In addition to the Department of frostbite swelling, the blisters can vary in size, local pain, cold, heat, acupuncture do not feel sensitive. 2 to 3 weeks after the blisters dry up to form a dry scab, scab off, there are thin new skin cover cap wound.

    Third degree: before the fashion is limited to the skin, the skin pale purple and black, bruises around the skin and may have blisters, mostly pain. Necrosis tissue necrosis Wu wounds to be cured more than two months, and the formation of scars, reproduced, please keep this link! .

    2. systemic frostbite

    Whole body frostbite, in addition to shortening the blood vessels on the body surface, pale skin, the wounded were cold to increase the body fever, maintain body temperature. However, when the body temperature continues to paralysis, the injured feel tired, drowsiness. Go further and then slow, often showing the illusion. Without real-time treatment, it can be life-threatening.

    Frostbite treatment

    After the occurrence of frostbite, the wounds should be rapidly rewarmed, the wound can be soaked in clean warm water and warmed to 37 ~ 42 ℃ in 5 to 7 minutes. Frostbite should be slightly elevated limbs to erode edema. The first and second frostbite to warm bandage. The third degree of frostbite should be disinfected by the medical unit, dressing, prevention of infection and wound treatment. Systemic frostbite after rewarming, because of body tissue and organs are damaged, can still show hypovolemic shock and heart and kidney dysfunction, it should be hospitalized first aid.

    After frostbite, the treatment is more difficult, so it should be based on prevention. The staff working in the cold should pay attention to cold, moisture, clothing, shoes and socks should be tight and comfortable to link dry. Spit departments should apply ointment, reduce heat. And wear masks, gloves, earmuffs and so on. Outdoor homework should be appropriate to promote blood circulation. In addition, have enough sleep to avoid over-coveted, and pay attention to nutrition. There should be alarm assembly cold storage, to prevent accidents.

    Fourth, snake bites

    Poisonous snakes with venom, can exuding toxins. Viper bites when the venom gland pressure, venom through the fangs into the wound.

    Venom's venom can be divided into two major categories:

    ① nerve poison, can make the medulla oblongata and muscle quickly paralyzed;

    ② blood poisoning, blood coagulation can not cause bleeding and hemolysis, but also make blood vessels and diastolic function loss disappeared. If not real-time first aid, can cause the decline.

    1. Viper types:

    Serpent snakes have a cobra Division, viper snakes, snakes and snakes Branch Division a variety of venom contained in the nature of the differences, so the pathological changes were the bite and symptoms are not the same.

Snake snakes (including viper, five-step snake, iron head, bamboo leaf green, etc.) venom belongs to blood poisoning, broken bite Department of pain, swelling, and continuous bleeding from the wound bleeding. Bite out of a cold sweat, nausea, fainting, multiple bleeds, such as nosebleeds, conjunctival hemorrhage, subcutaneous hemorrhage, hematemesis, hemoptysis and hematuria, the last occurrence of extra-renal failure and decline. Bite to death separated by 2 to 7 days.

    Cobra snake (including cobra, bingo snake, bingo snake, etc.) of the venom is a nerve poison, was bitten at the beginning of some burning, and later feel numbness, later showed the upper eyelid sagging, unsteady walking, weakness, Head drooping, drooling, nausea, vomiting, swallowing hard, the words unclear; followed by quadriplegia, weak breathing, consciously infarction, and finally due to respiratory numbness and heart failure. Big bite to death separated by half an hour to 30 hours.

    Determine the type of venom caused by the symptoms, the main treatment.

    2 snake bites treatment:

    The principle of first aid to snake bites is to prevent toxins from spreading and receiving as soon as possible and to reduce local damage as much as possible. Snake venom is received in 3 to 5 minutes, so the sooner the better emergency outdoor treatment of outdoor injuries.

    (1) Binding injured limbs

    Bite in the proximal limb about 5 to 10 cm with tourniquet or bandage bandage to stop the top pulse of blood and lymph reflux, and then squeeze the wound around the mouth or mouth suction (oral mucosal ulceration avoid smoking) , The venom will be lifted in vitro.

    (2) wash the wound

    The first to use razor clams water and water to clean the surrounding skin, and then the special psychological saline, 0.1% potassium permanganate or water repeatedly washed the wound.

    (3) local cooling

    Soak the injured limbs in cold water at 4 ~ 7 ℃ for 3 ~ 4 hours and then use ice packs to reduce the toxin receiving speed and reduce the enzyme activity in toxins.

    (4) detoxification

    Bite in less than 24 hours, the wound as the center of the incision into a "ten" or "艹" shape, the venom flow out, can also suck venom with a breast pump or cupping. However, the mouth should not be too deep, so as not to damage the blood vessels. If snake teeth residue should immediately pulled out. Cut or suck should be carried out as soon as possible, or ineffectual appearance is not obvious.

    (5) drug treatment

    Commonly used detoxification anti-drug drugs are Shanghai snake medicine (oral, the first 20 ml, later changed to 10 ml every 6 hours), Nantong snake medicine (the first 20 slices with shochu 30 ml warming boiled water, the next every 6 hours l0 pieces), etc., but also Scutellaria barbata 60 grams, Hedyotis diffusa 60 grams, 9 grams of aescinate, 60 grams of Viola yedo decoction topical. Anti-snake venom serum lO ml each with intravenous injection of 20 ml intravenous saline, or 7.5 ml wound around the intramuscular injection. Domestic viper antitoxin exclusive belly snake bite, bamboo leaves bite also have inevitable curative effect. You can also use hormones, diuretics and supportive therapy, the disease has adjuvant therapy disseminated

    3 snake bite prevention:

    Prevention of snake bites mainly lies in the enhanced protection of field workers. Mostly bitten at the tooth marks, can be cut bite Snake non-toxic teeth, the diagnosis of snake bites is very helpful. After the non-toxic snake bites left a row of neat tooth marks; poisonous snake biting in addition to leaving behind the general tooth marks, there are two teeth tooth marks, more general non-toxic serpentine marks deep. Bites such as non-toxic snake marks, or 15 minutes after no redness and painful sadness, it may be non-toxic snake bites, temporarily without treatment. If not easy to distinguish between toxic or non-toxic snake bites, snake bites should be handled regularly, so as not to disappear to first aid opportunities.